Code Breakers

Here is a website about the German Lorenz cipher system:
http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/lorenz/fish.htm

Germany created a new way of enciphering at that time. The pattern of the Vernam cipher is akin to logic, but it isn't random. Therefore, they tried to make it like random, but British still broke it by a mistake the German operator made. The operator sent the same message of about 4,000 letters in it again with the Lorenz machine. However, there were some differences between them. And British decipherers can compare them and recover them and break the code.


This is the Lorenz machine, which is also known as "Tunny Machine"

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Here is a website about enigma:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine

The enigma machine was invented in Germany at the end of WWI, but it was used commercially.

The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine

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This is a video shows how enigma works:

The enigma enciphers codes randomly. There are three rotors in it changing the result of typing the same word. Furthermore, there are about 100,000,000,000,000 possibilities of each letter. Therefore, it is difficult for someone to break the enigma code.

The POWs in WWII

Here's a website I found about the American prisoners of war in Germany:http://www.b24.net/pow/default.html

The prisoners were shut in solitary cells which was about 2.5m x 3.5m x 2.5m big. Each prisoner had a cot, a table, a chair and an electric bell to call the guards. They weren't treated very nicely. Some of the prisoners were stripped, or even kept wearing the clothes when they had been caught. Sometimes, the POWs had to prove themselves as airmen rather than spies by telling some technical information about planes, or they would get killed. The POWs had two pieces of bread in the morning and two at night. None of the Red Cross parcels were given to them, but they could get free water from the guards. Many of the POWs didn't have enough care of health. Some of them had the same dirty bandage when they'd got caught. The POWs didn't have a nice time during the war or even after the war ended.

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Here is a website about Prisoner of War Medal:http://www.axpow.org/powmedal.htm



The POW Medal was given to the American soldiers who were taken prisoner and held captive.

The an American bald eagle stabding in the middle with pride dignity, surrounded by a barbed wire. It symbolized that the American prisoners seized the hope to regain their freedom.

The black stripe in the middle of the ribbon means the despair of being prisoned in the war. The two white stripes adjacent to the black one typify hope. And the thin blue, white, and red stripes represent America.

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A Japanese pilot dropped into the ocean from his crashed plane. The US soldier tried to pull him up onto the boat. Instead of being a prisoner and ashamed, he decided to end up his own life by a grenade. However, it seemed that the American soldier had shot the Japanese several times before he died.

Spies in WWII

Here a website of the OSS in WWII made by http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/cloak.html

It talks detailedly about how the OSS started and what they did during the time. At that time, all of Germany's enemies in Europe were eliminated except England. D. Roosevelt worried about the columnists and traitors inside Norway, Belgium, Holland, and France. Therefore, he dispatched Bill Donovan all around Europe to get information of their enemies and search people that could be their allies. The searching was very successful and helpful, but there was no central intelligence office in the US. They established the COI at first. It onlt lasted a for a year. Then it was substituted by the OSS because the information of the COI wasn't including the potential of Japan's Attack in Hawaii. Roosevelt called in some experts and appointed them to make a school for spies, and the OSS was for trainning spies.






This is a photo of Bill Donovan.






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Here is a website which has some videos about the spies in the OSS: http://www.realmilitaryflix.com/public/209.cfm

It shows what is the secret agents in the OSS like. Before a person started his training, they checked his body. A spy in the OSS needs a haircut of the style in the enemies' area. Furthermore, there were many required equipments of a secret agent in the OSS. For example, the stickers on his suitcase, a handful of cigarettes and train tickets, etc. They were very small and common things, just like a hidden uniform. It was really cool to be a secret agent in the OSS.

Pearl Harbor

Here is a site about how Japan attcked Pearl Harbor:http://www.pearlharbor.org/history-of-pearl-harbor.asp

It says about the Japanese's ambition to get mere territories. Japan invaded the southeast of Asia because of its lack of resources, which was caused by the US's embargo on steels and fuel sold to Japan. Japan started planning to declare war to the US. Japanese intended to attack Pearl Harbor because a bult of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, which was the key of the war, were there. Japan invaded Pearl Harbor. They fulfilled their purpose of damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet, but they also killed or harmed about 3,500 people. Nonetheless, the invasion caused a critical situation to Japanese themselves because they didn't have enough fuel to fight with the US.

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Here is a site about Pearl Harbor was under attack:
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.htm

There are many pictures in this website. Here's one of them.






This is an image of the tragedy in Pearl Harbor. The USS Shaw exploded. The US navy in Hawaii was harmed gravely. More thana thousand and five hundred people died in the raid.



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Here is a website which is full of videos about the raids in Pearl Harbor by Japan:http://www.pearlharbor.org/

Here is one of the videos:

On December 7, 1941, Japan invaded Pearl Harbor. The raids were saperated in two waves. A lot of Americans died and many aircrafts destroyed. After that, Americans got angry and attempted to avenge and warn Japan.

Bombing Raids

Here is a website about German bombing raids on Britain:
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW2/blitz.htm

Hitler dispatched many bombers to invade Britain, trying to force British to surrender. The Luftwaffe revised their targets from industrial to civilian and the bombing time from day time to night time. Hitler anticipated that the British would be more terrified of the German armies because they wouldn't have enough sleep, and Britain would surrender very soon. On the other hand, Britain also had some ways to defend and revolt against German invasion. The British civilians hid in shelters when they heard the siren before the raids. The "blakout" is really a good way to make the bombers' targeting mission more difficult. Anyhow, Britain still recieved great damage. About 60,000 British died and 2,000,000 homes destroyed! German bombed Britain less and took less attention to Britain because he considered Russia as a more signifcant enimy.








These are people sleeping on London Underground during German's Blitzkrieg.

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This is a special website I found about someone's memory of WWII:http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa051001c.htm

He experienced the terror of the bombing raids in Germany in WWII. He slept in shelters, enduring the thunderous sound of blasts. Then he hoped that he could see his home survive from the bombing. He saw his neighbors' house burnt and understood the shock and the grief of losing their home. In any case, the writer of this article coped with all the difficulties and went past the hard time. He also wrote a book about his experience of the two World Wars, "Laughter Wasn't Rationed". It contains much of his civilian life in Germany. During the horrible period of time, the civilians told jokes to encourage each other. Their difficult lives are so dreadful that I can't even imagine.

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Here's a video about a bombing raid on Germany in 1943:http://www.veoh.com/browse/videos/category/autos_and_vehicles/watch/v6971121WQWzb89s#

The bombers B-17 took off from England and flew above Germany. The bombers flew through the mess of blasts of anti-aircrafts and threw tons and tons of bombs on the territory of Germany. The pilots could barely see the factories and houses they were targeting. However, they could not see that there were civilians' home burnt and destroyed beneath them and the people hiding underground in shelters were trembling in fear. Nevertheless, the motive of their actions was protecting their own home, though they were very sure that they would definitely not come back home again. The war was very brutal and harsh, but not the soldiers themselves as well.

Iroquois Nation

Here is a website I found about the Iroquois Nation:http://www.carnegiemnh.org/exhibits/north-south-east-west/iroquois/index.html

This website tells about the nation of the Iroquois. They were originally living in the southern part of Canada and a part of New York today at the end of 17th century, which had clear four seasons, a plenty of rainfall, fertile lands and everything they needed. The Iroquois lived there very well. All their lives were relied on the great nature environment. They hunted, caught animals, picked fruit, and farmed crops. Everything they did was in harmony with Nature.

To the Iroquois, corn beans and squash are the three sisters. They are the sustainer of not only their phisical, but also spiritual lives. The Iroquois people are very smart. They utlize the different features of corn, beans and squash to make the most yield.

In the society of the Iroquois, women are the managers of farming. Furthermore, women possess the political power. Clan Mother is the leader of the clan, who has the right of choosing the meber of the council members and chiefs.

The Three Sisters

Gregg M. Thomas (1952- ), Nedrow, New York, Wolf clan, Onondaga, 1996

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Here's a website I found about the Mohawk Tribe:http://www.indians.org/articles/the-mohawk-tribe.html

The Mohawk Tribe lived around the Great Lakes and some parts in North America, which are Canada and the state of New York right now. They were just like the protectors of Iroquois from the invasions form the east. They became the allies of Britain later and fought against the United States in the Revolutionary War. A long time later, some the Mohawk have blended into Canadian and American, but there are still many living in the reservations. The hair style of shaved sides and left a stripe of hair in the middle is characteristic of the Mohawk people.

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Here is a website about Joseph Brant, one of the past leaders of the Mohawk Tribe:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant

Joseph Brant was the most famous North American Indian at the end of 17th to 18th century when he was alive. He was a Mohawk of the Wolf Clan. He could speak at least three languages, or even all of the six nations' languages. Therefore, he was a translator between the Indians and Britain. He helped his tribe get back many lands from the Americans. That was his most well-known deeds.

This is a parinting of Joseph Brant. I'm not sure if he has Mohawk or not because his feather hat covers his hair.

The Battle of Britain

Here is a website about the battle of Britain:

http://www.raf.mod.uk/Bob1940/background.html

It tells about the background of the battle of Britain. Germany invaded Poland by using tanks, troops, and aircrafts at the same time, which was called Blitzkrieg. Then he attacked France by the same way and won again. At that time, both British and German aircrafts suffered heavy casualties. Fortunately, a bult of British reinforcement in France came back to Britain. Britain trained as many pilots as possible. In July 1940, Brtish air forces, RAF, grew into 600 fighters, but the Luftwaffe had 2600 bombers and fighters. It must be very hard for Britain to fight against Germany.

This is a brief picture of how the Sector Control Rooms of RAF control the fighters, anti-aircraft guns and balloon barrage. They sent the information of the incoming raids to the fighters and bombers and dispatched anti-aircraft guns and balloon barrage to protect the aircrafts.

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Here is another website I found about the battle of Britain:

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/wwiiblitz_2.htm

The Luftwaffe invaded Britain more and more inland. Germany wanted to bomb the cities which many civilians lived inside. Nonetheless, Germany was too urgent to destroy Britain, The interval between the fighters came escoting the bombers was too long. The bombers became fragile targets, and many of them were destroyed by that way. Finally, Germany decided to attack the Soviet Union rather than Britain. The RAF successfully protected Britain.